– Step 1.
Run Cmd(Command Prompt) As administrator.
Step 2.
Type – ‘netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=Nirstechteam key=password’ and press enter.
(note-change your ssid & key as your choice)
It will configure your hosted network.
Final step.
Whenever you want to start the hotspot just goto command prompt(as administrator) and type – ‘netsh wlan start hostednetwork’ and press enter.
IP stand for Internet Protocol, It is an specefic address to identifying number for a piece of network
hardware.
Having an IP address allows a device to communicate with other devices over an IP-based network like the internet.
Most IP addresses look like this:
139.130.4.5
Other IP address you might come across could look more like this:
2001:4960:9860::9955
There’s a lot more on what those differences mean in the IP Versions (IPv4 vs IPv6).
IPv4 v/s IPv6
IPv6 usage has been growing very slowly through the last 10 to 15 years. Since mid-2015 it started to pick up and increase adoption at a rapid pace. Google, for example, has been tracking their IPv6 usage since 2009 and it is beautiful to finally see some growth.
As the number of available IPv4 address continues to go down, we expect to see more of IPv6 very soon. However, one of the main concerns I hear from people is about website speed and perfomance using IPv6 compared to IPv4. A few peopme say its id fastest, since it is less used and has simplified routing. Other people say it is slower with fewer routers and hopes supporting it.
Modem:- The term modem is acctually the short form of Modulator & Demodulator (MODEM). A modem is a device that modulates digital data onto an analog carrier for transmission over an analog medium and then demodulates analog carrier to digital signal at the receiving end.
There are three different types of Modem..
Router:- Router is a devies which connect two or more network is known as router. In other word router is a device that forwards data packet along tge networks. A router is connected to atleast two network, commonly tow LANs or WANs and its ISPs network. Router located at gateways, the places where two or more network connects.
Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use Protocols to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.
The most important reference models are:-
Introduction To ISO- OSI layer Model:-
There are many users who use computer network and are located all over the world. To ensure national and worldwide data communication ISO (ISO stands for International Organization of Standardization.) developed this model. This is called a model for open system interconnection (OSI) and is normally called as OSI model.OSI model architecture consists of seven layers. It defines seven layers or levels in a complete communication system. OSI Reference model is explained in other chapter.
Introduction To TCP/IP Layer Model:- TCP/IP is transmission control protocol and internet protocol. Protocols are set of rules which govern every possible communication over the internet. These protocols describe the movement of data between the host computers or internet and offers simple naming and addressing schemes.
Data is represented by computers and other telecommunication devices using signals. Signals are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic energy from one device to another. Electromagnetic signals travel through vacuum, air or other transmission mediums to travel between one point to another(from source to receiver).
Electromagnetic energy (includes electrical and magnetic fields) includes power, voice, visible light, radio waves, ultraviolet light, gamma rays etc.
Transmission medium is the means through which we send our data from one place to another. The first layer (physical layer) of Communication Networks OSI Seven layer model is dedicated to the transmission media, we will study the OSI Model later.
Factors to be considered while choosing Transmission medium:-
Twisted Pair is of two types :
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable:- It is the most common type of telecommunication when compared with Shielded Twisted Pair Cable which consists of two conductors usually copper, each with its own colour plastic insulator. Identification is the reason behind coloured plastic insulation.
UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4 pair cable use RJ-45 connector.
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable:-
This cable has a metal foil or braided-mesh covering which encases each pair of insulated conductors. Electromagnetic noise penetration is prevented by metal casing. Shielding also eliminates crosstalk (explained in KEY TERMS Chapter).
It has same attenuation as unshielded twisted pair. It is faster the unshielded and coaxial cable. It is more expensive than coaxial and unshielded twisted pair.
Coaxial Cable:-
Coaxial is called by this name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. Copper is used in this as centre conductor which can be a solid wire or a standard one. It is surrounded by PVC installation, a sheath which is encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, barid or both.
Outer metallic wrapping is used as a shield against noise and as the second conductor which completes the circuit. The outer conductor is also encased in an insulating sheath. The outermost part is the plastic cover which protects the whole cable.
Here the most common coaxial standards.
Unguided or wireless media sends the data through air (or water), which is available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them. Types of unguided/ unbounded media are discussed below :
Radio Transmission:-
Its frequency is between 10 kHz to 1GHz. It is simple to install and has high attenuation. These waves are used for multicast communications.
Types of Propogation:-
Radio Transmission utilizes different types of propogation :
Microwave Transmission:-
It travels at high frequency than the radio waves. It requires the sender to be inside of the receiver. It operates in a system with a low gigahertz range. It is mostly used for unicast communication.There are 2 types of Microwave Transmission :
Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It is also called communication mode. These modes direct the direction of flow of information. There are three types of transmission mode. They are :
Simplex Mode
In this type of transmission mode data can be sent only through one direction i.e. communication is unidirectional. We cannot send a message back to the sender. Unidirectional communication is done in Simplex Systems.
Examples of simplex Mode is loudspeaker, television broadcasting, television and remote, keyboard and monitor etc.
Half Duplex mode
In half duplex system we can send data in both directions but it is done one at a time that is when the sender is sending the data then at that time we can’t send the sender our message. The data is sent in one direction.
Example of half duplex is a walkie- talkie in which message is sent one at a time and messages are sent in both the directions.
Full Duplex mode
In full duplex system we can send data in both directions as it is bidirectional. Data can be sent in both directions simultaneously. We can send as well as we receive the data.
Example of Full Duplex is a Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons by a telephone line, through which both can talk and listen at the same time.
In full duplex system there can be two lines one for sending the data and the other for receiving data.
1. Tree Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology:-
Advantages of Tree Topology:-
Disadvantage of Tree Topology:-
2. Hybrid Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).
Fetures of Hybrids Topology:-
Advantage of Hybrid Topology:-
Disadvantage of Tree Topology:-
What is Network Topology?
Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
Types of Topologies:-
1. Bus Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Liner Bus Topology.
Features of Bus Topology
Advantage of Bus Topology.
Disadvantage of Bus Topology.
2. Ring Topology
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.
Features of Ring Topology:-
Advantages of Ring Topology:-
Disadvantage of Ring Topology:-
3. Star Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
Features of Star Topology:
Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
Advantage of Star Topology:-
Disadvantage of Star Topology:-
4. Mesh Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link ndevices.
There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are
Routing :- In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements. Like routing logic to direct the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance. Or, routing logic which has information about the broken links, and it avoids those node etc. We can even have routing logic, to re-configure the failed nodes.
Flooding:- In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required. The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data. But it leads to unwanted load over the network.
Types of Mesh Topology:-
Partial Mesh Topology:-
In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
Full Mesh Topology:-
Each and every nodes or devices to Connected to each other.
Message : It is the information to be delivered.
Sender : Sender is the person who is sending the message.
Receiver : Receiver is the person to him the message is to be delivered.
Medium : It is the medium through which message is to be sent for example modem.
Protocol : These are some set of rules which govern data communication.
Nir's Tech Team 